Ring with emerald imitation

Magnesite (dyed) with powder diffraction lines

Turquoise with powder diffraction lines

Gibbsite (dyed) with powder diffraction lines

Chalcedony and synthetic hydrothermal quartz

Quartz: powder and single crystal diffraction images

Phenakite

Goniometer

Fireopal (upper line) and glass imitation with X-ray patterns

Ruby, lead-glass filled

"Malossi" emerald, hydrothermal

Disthene, Mn-bearing

Titanclinohumite

Elbaite "Paraiba"-colored

GGG (gadolinium gallium garnet)

Philippus I, 244-249, Antoninian Roman silver coin

Salt cup, uranium glass, Art Deco about 1930

Corundum crystal from Sri Lanka, with an included spinel crystal (red arrow) in its centre. The inset (width of photograph approx. 2 mm) is a detail enlargement showing the spinel, which is 2 mm behind the corundum surface (left), Raman shift (right)

Natural emerald crystal in a mica schist from the Habach valley, Austrian Alps, with two cut stones. Width of photograph 2.5 cm. The clarity of the cabochon at the right was enhanced by treatment with cedar wood oil (left), Raman shift (right)

Hydrothermally synthesised amethyst (left) and the IR spectrum in the OH stretching vibrational region (right)

Characterisation of submicroscopic hydrous mineral inclusions: IR spectra of sapphires in the OH stretching vibrational region, taken through turbid crystal parts;
a) OH bands of kaolinite, b) OH bands of diaspore